Experience of Freedom for Euro-American (the White American) from 1865 Essay

Experience of Freedom for Euro-American (the White American) from 1865 to 1900 - Essay Example It is important to note that slavery ended not because of the charitable heart of white American slave owners. Slavery ended after a bitter and bloody civil war that cost hundreds of thousands of American lives. Slavery only ended after a struggle both in military and political terms (passing of the Thirteenth Amendment). Majority of the white slave owners did not even wanted to end slavery and so, from their point of view emancipation is already enough for the former slaves. For the white Americans, freedom meant the emancipation of the slave African Americans and that is already more than enough freedom for them considering that they were once slaves before. The definition of freedom is articulated by Garrizon Frazier, a black minister who responded what freedom means because it includes not only the political aspect but also the economic aspect of freedom. Freedom is â€Å"placing us where we could reap the fruit of our own  labor, and take care of ourselves.† The way to accomplish this was â€Å"to  have land, and turn it and till it  by our own labor† (Foner 1983:586). Freedom also includes not only freeing from the shackles that the state formerly sanctioned but also the equal protection of the laws and the equal provision of opportunity in all spheres of life. The White Americans however disagreed to this definition considering the previous of Black Americans as former slaves. To them, emancipation is already enough for the African Americans as freedom exactly meant the removal of the bondage of force servitude. Thus, efforts by White Americans still continued to disenfranchise the White Americans in other forms such as denial of the right to vote, segregation and discrimination. The first few aspects of freedom such as â€Å"reaping the fruit of our own  labor, and take care of ourselves [by having] land, and turn it and till it  by our own labor† was relatively easier to accomplish because it only

Tradeoff Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tradeoff Analysis - Essay Example As the Baderman Island facilities manager, the main reparation task before me is to escape $10,000 loss per week due to the miserable condition of the Visitors Center roof. The only solution of which is the replacement of the roof. The architect has offered three options are here to be applied for the replacement: 1. The installation cost of Asphalt shingles is $20 per square foot is $20, so the total cost for 10,000 square foot roof is estimated to be $200,000 Asphalt shingles. It will take one week in the installation of the roof. It simply means that the installation period will cause $10,000 more loss due to not being visited by the clients. Hence, the total cost reaches $210,000 in case of installing of Asphalt shingles roof. In addition, the installation will remain valid for the next twenty years, and no cost will be required during these years. 2. In case of the installation of tiles, per square cost will be $50 per square foot, with total cost $500,000 for 10,000 square foot roof. In addition, it will take three weeks for the completion of installation process, which will cost $30,000 additional loss as it will remain closed for the visitors for the next three weeks. The aggregate cost will be $530,000, while the lifecycle is expected to be 40 years. 3. The architect has given the estimation of $35 per square foot for the installation of composite tiles with the total cost $350,000 for 10,000 square foot roof. Since it takes two weeks to install composite tiles, so additional $20,000 will also be included in the expenditures making the grand total of $370,000, and the expected lifecycle is 30 years. Hence, the installation cost of asphalt shingles is $160,000 lower than the composite tiles, while its installation cost is expected to be $320,000 lower than the installation of tiles on roof. Moreover, the installation cost of composite

Impact of Potato Production

Impact of Potato Production Qingxin Fu The Columbian Exchange: Potato The discovery of the Americas brought a large exchange of people, diseases and crops. Corn, peppers, tomatoes, cassava, cocoa, rubber and tobacco were some of the crops introduced to the Old World. Coffee, oranges, bananas and sugar cane were introduced to the Americas. One of the most important crops brought to the Old World was the potato. Potatoes, as a substitute for wheat or rice, provided peasants a new source of calories. Potato was originated South America and then introduced to the Old World; the crop also raised political, economic and social consequences, such as late blight, Irish Famine, and sudden population increase in China, from its production. Domesticated potatoes were once all belong to one botanical species, Solanum tuberosum; it included thousands of varieties that had diversity in size, shape, color and other characteristics. The potato was first domesticated in the South America Andes, then the Puritans who took Mayflower arrived the land and the First Nations taught them about potatoes. Then the sailors went back to Europe and people started to plant potatoes in Spain, England, France, and many other countries in Europe. Later, potatoes were spread into Africa by the colonists. The crop was once believe to be poisonous by the local farmers who refused to plant them. However, the colonists persuaded the farmers and introduced potatoes as a low-price and high-production crop in substitute of wheat and rice. After potatoes were widely spread through Europe and Africa, they were introduced into East Asia. Following its introduction into China at the end of Ming Dynasty, potatoes became one of the most popular crops in the country. Ironically, despite of the distance of South America and North America, North America is the last region in the world which planted potatoes and established them as a type of crop. Potatoes were widely spread out as a crop throughout the world and planted in every country. They took a great portion of crop production in every country every year, even nowadays. As potatoes spread out and planted a vast amount of them in most countries, they also brought political consequences with them. Late blight was a type of disease that came from growing potatoes. It was caused by the fungus-like pathogen, Phytophthora infestans. It could infect and destroy the leaves, stems, fruits, and tubers of potato plants. Irish Famine, was caused by Late blight which killed tons of potatoes. However, British also played an important role in Irish Famine. As John Mitchel said at the time, â€Å"The Almighty, indeed, sent the potato blight, but the English created the famine.† In 1845, Ireland over-depended on the potatoes as their main source of crops; however, late blight killed all production of potatoes and caused famine. At that time, Britain’s rule over Ireland had been brutal and unfair because of deeply racist attitudes toward Ireland. From Cromwell’s massacres to the Penal Laws to the â€Å"Plantations† that pushed Irish off their homeland. The political consequences of those attitudes were absolutely merciless and cruel. British refused to provide any source of crops and even blocked international disaster relief from other countries to prevent Irish getting potatoes or other types of crops due to political issues. Although the government of Sir Robert Peel bought a quantity of American corn and sold them in Ireland, but it wasn’t even close to enough. Then after Peel lost power, free market could not provide food and more Irish died to the famine. Charles Trevelyan, the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, shut down the food depots in Ireland that had been selling Peel’s corn and rejected another ship of corn that had been already headed for Ireland. He explained that he planned to prevent the Irish from becoming â€Å"habitually dependent† on the British government and also believed that Irish famine was God’s judgment to teach Irish people a lesson. More and more Irish peasants died due to the Famine and disease arose among them. Because of British mismanagement, and perhaps intent, in 1840, Ireland’s population was at 8.5 million, with England and Wales at 15.9 million. Ireland’s population continued to fall until 1970s. Nowadays, Ireland is approxi mately at 6 million, and England and Wales at 52 million. Potatoes also brought economic consequences to people; Irish Famine in the middle of the 19th century was the best illustrated example where Irish people depended on the potato for their primary source of calories. For millions of farmers, the only crop they planted was the potato since the only tool necessary for farming potatoes was a sharp stick, and those people could not afford any more than that. These Irish farmers lost all their cultivars and made zero profit from their expenses, because of potato late blight. Then a great famine exploded among Irish. The economy was ruined and a million died of starvation; about two million immigrated, usually to the US or Canada. Potato blight was a very serious economic threat in the potato and tomato production systems across the world. It was extremely hard to measure losses due to this plant disease because there were other factors present as well. Although in some areas, only local experts who speculate from field tests or visited farmers fields could estimate crop loss caused by potato late blight. While this approach was not accurate and imperfect, it could over-exaggerating or missed a portion of losses. However, it was often the only method available for some parts of the areas. In some circumstances, economic losses due the potato late blight could be analyzed systematically. For one event of late blight occurring in the Columbia basin of Washington in the US, the average of fungicide required per field varied from 5.1 to 12.3 depending on the plant species. Total per acre of field required expenses ranged from $100 to $230 dollars and the total cost of dealing with late blight was estimated to have arrived at $30 million dollars threshold. In a national evaluation, the economic impact of potato late blight in all areas of the United States was estimated to be about $210 million. A mean production loss of 15% was estimated by the international Potato Center which made a global estimation of late blight losses in developing countries. This meant that a total production loss in developing countries to be approximately $2.75 billion dollars. One of the important ways of viewing the economic effects of potato late blight was by looking the fungicide usage, which is usually easier and liable way to measure than crop loss. Approximately $77 million are spent on fungicides per season throughout the US. From these facts, potato production costs more than just equipment, seeds, and. Fungicide was one of the most important and necessary item for farmers to plant potatoes and each season expenses on farming increased as profit fell because of potato late blight. Farmers might spend way more money on how to prevent late blight than they would expected. Ironically, potatoes were meant to be cheap and easy to plant, but potato blight made the production rate to suffer and caused countries which heavily relied on potato as their main source of crop to suffer economic losses and cause Famine with a very high chance. Another example of social consequences about potato production was Chinese population growth after the middle period of the Qianlong reign (1735 – 1796). During that time, population increased dramatically and an urgent need to increase grain yields had become a big problem and it led to a rapid spread of potato production throughout China since it could be well fit to local environment. As the population continuously growing, society became a very unfamiliar place for Chinese people. The role of the individual was nearly invisible based on a very high population. This could led people to disconnect from their society. Despite of all the political and economic consequences caused by late blight, potato production also raised social consequences. They were best presented in the Irish Famine in the middle of the 19th century. Larger scale potato production continuously provided surpluses that supported an increase of population in both agricultural and industrial regions. Potatoes were planted widely because they could survive in most climates, altitudes, and soils and could be more highly prolific than grains in both good and bad years. Agricultural workers across Europe continuously raised potatoes production on small pieces of lands to gain food that was cheaper than wheat. Grains and potatoes, together with the flesh and other products of a few farm animals, provided an economically feasible and nutritionally adequate diet. Estimations were made that agricultural land assigned to plant potatoes provided three times the food nutrient value of land planted with wheat, so that more peasants could be maintained on a given quantity of farms. Even after farmers were fed and the stock replaced, more excess was left for the owner of the land. The most obvious disadvantage of the potato was that stocks could not be saved or carried over a year because the tubers would rot. By contrast, people were likely to plant potatoes over wheat due to these reasons which caused them to over-rely on potato production. When potato blight happened, a high demand on food could not be satisfied with wheat and other cultivars; thus, a famine occurred. Potatoes provided cheap provisions for growing industrial populations. Low-priced food supplies enabled industrialists to keep wages low. In all areas, there had been resistance of adopting potatoes for more than three centuries. Because the tuber had been variously seen as poisonous and unacceptable food source; some thought that it was forage for animals like pigs, others as famine food for refugees, but those preconception gradually disappeared as potatoes become one of the most popular and affordable crop. At the same time, the increasing dependence on potatoes in Ireland draw out the devastating predictions of famine for the potatoes that were already proving to be defenseless against multiple plant diseases. Irish peasants who depended on potatoes put themselves at a high risk because the potatoes could not be stored for more than a year, neither transported easily into regions which exploded famine. Because of those areas with such populations, they were also lack of political power and economically dependent on another country; Irish were helpless during the great famine. For all these reasons, although Ireland experienced a horrible blight that destroyed all potato crops; it could be seen that the Irish famine was more likely to be an artificial disaster that could have been prevented or saved by a good timed British emergency relief and millions of Irish lives would be saved. In conclusion, a large portion of people, diseases and crops were exchanged through the findings of the Americas. Crops, such as tobacco, rubber, cocoa, cassava, tomatoes, potatoes, corns, and peppers, were introduced into the Old Word; while coffee, oranges, banana and sugar cane were introduced into the Americas. Potato was one of the most important crops in the World that was introduced into the Old world. As a substitute for wheat, potatoes provided billions of people food to survive worldwide. However, diseases also rose among potato plants and destroyed millions of plants and caused famine which killed millions of people. The origin of potatoes was first found to be domesticated by South America Andes and learned by Europeans, and then it was spread into Africa, Asian and at last North America. Potatoes also caused political, social and economic issues from its production, such as late blight, the Great Famine, and increase in Chinese population; these issues had brought some s erious consequences that even lasted until modern days.

Sigmund Freud Essay -- essays research papers

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia in 1856. When he was four years old his family moved to Vienna. Due to his Jewish heritage, Freud left for England when the Nazi’s took control of Austria. Freud always considered himself first and foremost a scientist, endeavoring to extend the compass of human knowledge, and to his end, he enrolled at the medical school at the University of Vienna in 1873.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sigmund Freud elaborated the theory that the mind is a complex energy-system, the structural investigation of which is proper province of psychology. He articulated and refined the concepts of the unconscious, of infantile sexuality, of repression, and proposed a tri-partite account of the mind's structure, all as part of a radically new conceptual and therapeutic frame of reference for the understanding of human psychological development and the treatment of abnormal mental conditions. Freud's innovative treatment of human actions, dreams, and indeed of cultural artefacts as invariably possessing implicit symbolic significance has proven to be extraordinarily fecund, and has had massive implications for a wide variety of fields, including anthropology, semiotics, and artistic creativity and appreciation in addition to psychology. Accomplishments   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sigmund Freud concentrated originally on biology, doing research in physiology for six years under the great German scientist Ernest von Brucke. After that he focused in neurology. While at the university, in 1874 he discovered anti-Jewish prejudices and declared his place is â€Å"with the opposition.† He traveled to Manchester, Britain, to see his half brother, Philippe, and his niece Pauline, in 1875. The following year he did his first personal research in Trieste, on sexual glands of anguilas. That sane year he joined Brucke’s laboratory. In 1877, Freud published the end result of his anatomical research on the central nervous system of a specific larva. In 1880, he did a year of military service. Freud received his medical degree in 1881. Having become engaged to be married in 1882, he rather unwillingly took up more dependable and financially rewarding work as a doctor at Vienna General Hospital. Shortly after his marriage in 1886, which was e xtremely happy, and gave hi... ... unconscious in its place. What he discovered, it has been suggested, was the extreme prevalence of child sexual abuse, particularly of young girls, even in respectable nineteenth century Vienna. He did in fact offer an early 'seduction theory' of neuroses. He quickly withdrew this theory because of it being discouraged , and replaced with theory of the unconscious. Conclusion In whole, Sigmund Freud is one of the most important thinkers of the twentieth century. Over the years, his work became more complex and wider in scope, less influenced by biology, and more humane. Once his name was established, people traveled to see him and wrote to him from all over the world. What these people sensed in him was his interest, his ability to put himself in their place, and his generous desire to help them. Work Cited Cf. Masson, J. The Assault on Truth http://www.freudfile.org/chronology_1.html http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/freud.html http://www.colorado.edu/English/ENGL2012Klages/freud.html   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://members.aol.com/sidarth20/page3/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.allpsych.com www.insomnium.co.uk

Become Legendary Essay

The Kobe and Lebron comparison is now probably the biggest and most controversial talk in today’s sports news. Lebron can go to the hoop with authority, while Kobe is a sleek and flashy all around shooter. Although being two of the best players in the world they are very different in the ways they play the game of basketball. Though both Kobe and Lebron went to the NBA straight out of high school, and being two of the league’s best all around players who are lethal threats which must take an extraordinary game plan to defend. With the association and contrast of the two legends, whether it is by trophies or championship titles, or all around stat freaks, these will be main contributing factors in crowning the best. Kobe Bryant is arguably one of the league’s best all around players of all time. He can drive, shoot, and his finish is one of a kind. His defense is shut down and plays with fouls as a defensive mechanism. Not only is he top class on the floor, but on the free throw line as well. Also being one of the league’s most consistent free throw shooters since entering the NBA. Kobe plays the game as if he invented it; he is one of the world’s most respected and popular players. Kobe has five NBA championships and is a twelve time NBA all star. Kobe Bryant age thirty-two is one of the most decorated players in the history of the NBA, and is a future hall -of -famer. Kobe also has had an unheard of eighty-one points in a single game. Kobe’s down side is that he is not consistently aggressive or hard going to the boards (getting rebounds or dunking). With all that said I feel like Kobe Bryant will ever be remembered as one of the elite players to ever play in the NB A. Lebron James aka â€Å"King James† is a one of a kind, straight out of high school player who took on the league with a head full of steam. One of the most athletic and young freaks the NBA has probably ever seen. He has matured from a young kid to a man in a matter of seasons, while adding a different edge to his game every year. Lebron who is seven years younger than Kobe is a seven time NBA all star, but has yet to win a single NBA championship. Coming out of high school Lebron was the first pick out of the first round  out of the NBA draft. Though Lebron the young hot shot he is seems to receive a lot of criticism because of the recent change in location to south beach. Even though Lebron is such an amazing player, the thing that hurts him the most is his shooting at times. Lebron isn’t just a basketball player; he’s a business man as well with endorsements from companies such as Nike and Sprite. Forbes magazine ranked James as the second most influential athletes in the past decade. This new kid on the block has produced points and shows what he can do every night; he puts points on the board and fans in the stands. Both of these iconic athletes are incredibly amazing in all their unique ways, whether on or off the court. Together they have won two gold medals in the Olympics for the United States. They are both the league’s present day top players who decided that college wasn’t for them. Lebron and Kobe were both first round picks in the NBA draft and the number one ranked player coming out of high school. They both are astonishingly efficient in every aspect of the offensive or defensive side of the ball. Blocking shots and playing hard noised defense is what they do best. With a shot and release like no other they are quick scorers and know how to score from anywhere and in any situation on the floor. They both bring more to the game than just skill but as leaders vocally and emotionally on their teams. Not only are they the leaders on their teams, but are the faces for basketball and the NBA everywhere in the world. In my opinion this is not even that close. James has better numbers across almost every statistical category. In clutch situations such as fourth quarter or overtime, less than five minutes left, neither team ahead by more than five points. Bryant actually has a higher field goal percentage and three-point percentage as well as more rebounds and assists per 48 minutes. James is a superior slasher, finisher, and defender as well as being stronger and more athletic. Bryant may have a killer instinct, but James has a mean streak of his own. With his unbelievable three point plays and up tempo offense. When all is said and done, Lebron James may go down as a better NBA basketball player than Kobe Bryant, but who knows, these guys are neck and neck.

Organizational Behavior Importance

Organizational Behavior Importance Organizations are all around us. We are born in an organization, we live, work and most probably will die in an organization. Yet most of us do not understand how people function, behave and interact between each other within these organizations. We also do not understand if people shape an organization or an organization shapes people. In the beginning, people create an organization and shape its mission and culture and later more people join the organization.This new group of people adjust themselves within the existing organizational culture. Sometimes they also influence organizational culture by bringing new and unique skills to the organization. Sometimes they learn from each and at other times, external forces like competition, political and cultural changes compel them to learn new technical, communication or interpersonal skills. All these internal and external factors help an organization and its people to evolve to cope with the ever-chan ging world.Until recently, managers paid little attention to Organizational Behavior or soft skill training. The industrial revolution created the need for hard (technical) skills. People worked in the production line and were not required to think or interact to each other. However, things have changed; instead of standing behind the production lines, they now sit in front of a computer and control a robot who works in the production line. Now, people need more technical skills, but they also need skills to communicate and work within a group.The great English poet Samuel Butler put it together more eloquently, â€Å"Any fool can paint a picture, but it takes a wise man to be able to sell it. † If the â€Å"fool† is the metaphor for hard skill then the â€Å"wise man† would be the soft skill; but the soft skill of the wise man is useless without the hard skill of the fool; the harmonizing of both skills sells the picture. Therefore, the study of Organizational Behavior is not considered pop psychobabble anymore. A comparison between old and new organizations makes the picture clear

Cindy Sherman essays

Cindy Sherman essays Terror and mockery come together in the portraits of Cindy Sherman on display at the Crocker Art Museum. Walking into the large, dimly lit ballroom, one may begin to feel a slight sense of trepidation as the viewer looks around to find nine sets of beady eyes watching one's every move. Sherman produced her History Portraits during the late eighties and early nineties, nine of which are displayed at the museum. In her portraits she uses lush fabrics, lavish jewelry, and false body parts to decorate herself in these self-portraits. Her portraits have been know to cause discomfort in the viewers who find the general stereotypes, depicted in her portraits, amusing, yet confusing and terrorizing. Sherman's Untitled #225 (Blond Woman) triggers those exact emotions. The portrait is a large colored photograph created in 1990. An eighteenth century blond, Madonna-like, young lady sits poised with one hand on her exposed artificial breast as if she is nursing a baby. She is well dressed in a blue satin dress, small white beads laced through her braided hair, and a tiara atop her head. Her icy, blue eyes stare off to the left with a harsh, cold expression. With her breast aimed high, spewing fluids, in the same direction as she stares, it is difficult to imagine what is going through her head, however it is clear that it is something of an almost vindictive and unforgiving nature. Possibly, she points her breast toward a man who betrayed her or harassed her. The overall painting, much like the others in the exhibit, is generally flat, yet she uses contouring lines and overlapping to give the paintings depth and perception. Like Untitled #225 (Blond Woman), Sherman's Untitled portrait #198 (Feather Mask) also stirs a sense of uneasiness. The portrait is a color photograph created in 1989. A woman with an open salmon colored shirt exposes both artificial breasts as she sits with a large, blue feather mask covering her face...

Municipal Recycling Is Not Mandatory in All U.S. Cities

Municipal Recycling Is Not Mandatory in All U.S. Cities Mandatory recycling is a hard sell in the United States, where the economy runs largely along free market lines and landfilling waste remains inexpensive and efficient. When the research firm Franklin Associates examined the issue a decade ago, it found that the value of the materials recovered from curbside recycling was far less than the extra costs of collection, transportation, sorting and processing incurred by municipalities. Recycling Often Costs More Than Sending Waste to Landfills Plain and simple, recycling still costs more than landfilling in most locales. This fact, coupled with the revelation that the so-called â€Å"landfill crisis† of the mid-1990s may have been overblown- most of our landfills still have a considerable capacity and do not pose health hazards to surrounding communities- means that recycling has not caught on the way some environmentalists were hoping it would. Education, Logistics and Marketing Strategies Can Lower Recycling Costs However, many cities have found ways to recycle economically. They have cut costs by scaling back the frequency of curbside pickups and automating sorting and processing. They’ve also found larger, more lucrative markets for the recyclables, such as developing countries eager to reuse our cast-off items. Increased efforts by green groups to educate the public about the benefits of recycling have also helped. Today, dozens of U.S. cities are diverting upwards of 30 percent of their solid waste streams to recycling. Recycling Is Mandatory in Some U.S. Cities While recycling remains an option for most Americans, a few cities, such as Pittsburgh, San Diego, and Seattle, have made recycling mandatory. Seattle passed its mandatory recycling law in 2006 as a way to counter declining recycling rates there. Recyclables are now prohibited from both residential and business garbage. Businesses must sort for recycling all paper, cardboard and yard waste. Households must recycle all basic recyclables, such as paper, cardboard, aluminum, glass, and plastic. Mandatory Recycling Customers Fined or Denied Service for Non-Compliance Businesses with garbage containers â€Å"contaminated† with more than 10 recyclables are issued warnings and eventually fines if they don’t comply. Household garbage cans with recyclables in them are simply not collected until the recyclables are removed to the recycling bin. Meanwhile, a handful of other cities, including Gainesville, Florida and Honolulu, Hawaii, require businesses to recycle, but not yet residences. New York City: A Case Study for Recycling In perhaps the most famous case of a city putting recycling to the economic test, New York, a national leader on recycling, decided to stop its least cost-effective recycling programs (plastic and glass) in 2002. But rising landfill costs ate up the $39 million savings expected. As a result, the city reinstated plastic and glass recycling and committed to a 20-year contract with the country’s largest private recycling firm, Hugo Neu Corporation, which built a state-of-the art facility along South Brooklyn’s waterfront. There, automation has streamlined the sorting process, and its easy access to rail and barges has cut both the environmental and transportation costs previously incurred by using trucks. The new deal and new facility have made recycling much more efficient for the city and its residents, proving once and for all that responsibly run recycling programs can actually save money, landfill space, and the environment. EarthTalk is a regular feature of E/The Environmental Magazine. Selected EarthTalk columns are reprinted on About Environmental Issues by permission of the editors of E.

Basics Of Mutual Funds

In this report, I decided to take advantage of this opportunity to obtain information on the best way to invest in my daughter 's university fund. Please choose between mutual funds or IRA. Thanks to the investigation I made about this, I have decided on the best way to invest my money. The main research I undertook about the IRA was done on the Internet via AOL. Through them, I discovered that the traditional Irish Republican Army exempts a tax of $ 2,000 per person per year. In other words, an investment of 2000 dollars will be deducted from the total income for that year. If you want to invest in your money, and if you are considering an investment trust as an option, are you also looking forward to more information about what mutual funds are? With information related to the basic knowledge of mutual funds, you can start your own investment yourself, with the help of financial planners and investment advisors. You want this information to be easy. If you are looking for this info rmation somewhere, this blog is for you. Here we will explain every aspect of the mutual fund, including basically what is a different type of mutual fund than a mutual fund. It will also focus on the analysis of mutual fund investment and the performance of the mutual fund statement. By understanding all these, you will have ideas about it, but we still have the best mutual funds you should know. In that study we measured the fundamentals of mutual funds as mutual funds and their origins, and in our research we looked at the history, performance, strengths and weaknesses of ABN AMRO MUTUAL FUND and BENCH MARK MUTUAL FUND in our research. We also examined portfolio management and its comparison. It was because the structure turned out to be the same. The rules and regulations, parts and processes are all formulated by SEBI, the main rule of the mutual fund. Investor's choice of investment will invest in mutual funds that use company outline and SEBI guidelines changed by Indian stoc k exchanges and board of directors. Investment trusts are like stock markets, so we will buy and sell them from the company. Investment trust. Different - Since different companies are studying ABN Amro's investment trusts, many plans are offered by investment trusts of Dutch banks in Indian investors to put money into the market

Implied and ExpressTerms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Implied and ExpressTerms - Essay Example In other words, different tests are applied when it comes to look for evidences regarding terms implied in fact and terms implied in law. Two tests are applied to terms implied in fact: business efficacy and officious bystander tests. Two tests are applied to terms implied in law: type of contract and necessity tests. All of these tests are completely different from each other, and they serve as guidelines at the time of finding evidence in relation to the characteristics of the terms. Koffman and Macdonald establish the difference between both kinds of terms as follows: "Terms implied in fact are individualised gap fillers, depending on the terms and circumstances of a particular contract. Terms implied in law are in reality incidents attached to standardised contractual relationships" (Society of Lloyds v Clementson [1995] CLC 117, Steyn LJ at 131 in Koffman and Macdonald, 5th ed.). On the other hand, David Atkinson from Client Plus (1999) and Gillhams Solicitors & Lawyers (2005) deal in separate publications with the issue of implied terms from a general point of view. Their conclusions are similar when they explain the different elements that are necessary for a term to be considered as implied. Atkinson quotes His Honour Judge Thayne Forbes QC enumerating five elements in the case of Davy Offshore -v- Emerald Field Contracting (1991) 55 BLR 1. These five basic points are the following in order for a term to be implied: (1) it must be reasonable and equitable; (2) it must be necessary to give business efficacy to the contract, so no term will be implied if the contract is effective without it; (3) it must be so obvious that it goes without saying'; (4) it must be capable of clear expression; (5) it must not contradict any express term of the contract.'" (Atkinson, 1999; Gillhams, 2005). Asif Tufal (2005b) in the Contract Law Page entitled "Terms of the Contract" published in LawTeacher.Net makes a classification of implied terms as follows: 1.- Terms Implied by Custom: "The terms of a contract may have been negotiated against the background of the customs of a particular locality or trade. The parties automatically assume that their contract will be subject to such customs and so do not deal specifically with the matter in their contract. See: Hutton v Warren (1836) 1 M&W 466." (Tufal, 2005b). 2.- Terms Implied by the Court: These terms are classified into two types of implied terms: terms implied as fact and terms implied by law following the next criteria: A.- Intention of the Parties/Terms Implied as Fact. Tufal makes the following assertions about the two different tests that are applied to terms implied as fact: In relation to business efficacy, Tufal explains that "The courts will be prepared to imply a term into a contract in order to give effect to the obvious intentions of the partie (.) the court will supply a term in the interests of 'business efficacy' so that the contract makes commercial sense. See: The Moorcock (1889) 14 PD 64." (Tufal, 2005b). Regarding the "officious bystander", Tufal states that "A more recent test is the 'officious bystander test' used to incorporate implied obvious terms (Shirlaw v Southern Foundries [1940] AC

Case Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case Law - Essay Example The focus of this report will be to examine the two decisions to discover the inconsistencies and assess the reasons for them. The basic issue at stake in both the cases is that of defining the extent of individual liberty and freedoms that may be exercised under the constitutional amendments to the Constitution in the context of the wider moral framework of public morality and codes of behavior. The suit was brought by defendant Hardwick who was charged by the Georgia State Government for criminal violation of the state’s statute that criminalized sodomy. Hardwick challenged the constitutionality of his criminal conviction, since it violated his fundamental rights. The District Court supported the State’s position but the Court of Appeals reversed the decision. However, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Georgia statute. In connection with the issue of fundamental rights of the defendant, the Court stated: â€Å" None of the fundamental rights announced in this Courts prior cases involving family relationships, marriage, or procreation bear any resemblance to the right asserted in this case. And any claim that those cases stand for the proposition that any kind of private sexual conduct between consenting adults is constitutionally insulated from state proscription is unsupportable† [pp 190-191] The Supreme Court supported its position by quoting the case of Stanley v Georgia3:†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..the fact that homosexual conduct occurs in the privacy of the home does not affect the result.† (pp 195-196). During the period when this case was prosecuted in the courts, most states had laws that criminalized homosexual behavior between two consenting adults even if it was carried on in the privacy of their bedrooms and the decision reflected the predominant view of the majority of Americans about the illegality of homosexual behavior. A 5-4 majority in the Supreme Court upheld Georgia laws on sodomy which criminalized the act on grounds of

Global Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global Marketing - Assignment Example As such, this memorandum will outline specific key tactics that shall be used in order to create a robust marketing strategy. Making 100 percent increase in sales revenue is no mean feat meaning various facets of the marketing mix will require to be addressed in order to achieve this goal. The marketing research exercise will seek to gather information on economic and demographic data, cultural and sociological data, overview of market conditions, level of awareness of the Mayo Clinic, reputation of Mayo Clinic and attractiveness of Mayo clinic internationally. Economic and demographic data shows data on growth and statistics in the health industry, analysis of stability of economies and how it influences the health decisions of the target markets and population trends. Cultural and sociological data provide insight into the ecological, climate history of common diseases, eating habits and their potential impact on insurance coverage and clinic choice. Finally, overview of market conditions involves analysis of the level of technology including internet knowledge in the target market, level of proficiency in resident clinics, level of health mindfulness and insurance coverage inclinations. Mayo clinic, as a brand should be in a position to exude exceptional qualities that will attract people around the world. Since its humble beginnings, nearly a hundred years, the founders of Mayo clinic sought to create an international legacy by traveling around the globe. In their expeditions, they compared notes and surgical methods with other physicians around the world in order to increase or change expertise. Mayo clinic continues in these traditions as in so many other areas of medical practice. Mayo clinic is focused on delivering exceptional care that recognizes no limits. Mayo clinic currently seeks to establish and position itself as the best service provider based in knowledge and superior care. Mayo clinic also prides itself on being multi-lingual,

Position review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Position review - Essay Example from advocating fully for their children`s rights, thus there is need to educate them.3)a)in paragraph three, inability of the parents of children with disabilities to understand terminologies has been brought out clearly. Teachers, therapists, health professionals, and even child advocates who provide services to these children often use terminologies and specialized language and forget that the parents cannot understand them including the most astute. b) In paragraph three, the writer states that even the most astute parents cannot understand the acronyms used by the professionals. Therefore the parents fail to understand them due to lack of knowledge and they feel embarrassed about that (Wilmshurst and Alan 241). c) In paragraph five, the writer makes appeals that include the use of simple language that the parents can easily understand and also parents accessing websites that can assist in understanding the various acronyms used in special education.4) the passage is more persuas ive in paragraph five, where the writer comes up with ways in which the problem could be solved where special educators can be made aware of the problem and then they communicate with the parents in manner that they are likely to understand. Parents are also encouraged to access websites that can assist them in understanding the various terminologies used (Wilmshurst and Alan 208).5) The writer has created an active voice. The use of active voice is appropriate as it tries to enlighten the problems the parents of children with disabilities face and what can be done to assist them by the special educators.by use of active voice the writer creates adequate ethos.6) The writer makes use of pathos by highlighting the problems the parents of children with disabilities go through while trying to understand special educators, who use acronyms that can hardly be understood by the parents.7)There is need for parents of children with disabilities to learn special education as it is unique and has

Financial Research Report Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Financial Report - Research Paper Example Also, the company has an enviable customer base that is extremely loyal towards the iOS platform. The company has maintained historical records of maintaining a customer retention percentage of more than 90%. The analysts and the investors are considering Apple as a strong buy based on the Fibonacci model. The Fibonacci retracements state that the stock prices follow a trend of rising strongly, then falling down to a lower price followed by a significant upturn. This justifies the fall of the stock prices in the fourth quarter of 2012 followed by a steep rise in the stock prices starting from the first quarter of 2013. Apple is considered as a fundamentally and technically strong company ideal for investment in its stocks (Edwards, 2007). The value driven mutual funds consider Apple as an important stock for investment and almost 40% of these mutual funds hold positions in Apple with more than USD 1 billion of assets. The biggest investors of the world are expected to accelerate the growth of shareholder value of Apple through buy backs and dividend pay-outs. The balance sheet of Apple is strong with zero debt value and high cash reserves of more than USD 1.45 billion. Around 74% of the analysts in the Wall Street hold a strong buy on the shares of Apple Inc. Moreover, the company is projected to surpass the earnings expectations by the end of the last quarter of 2013. The stocks of Apple Inc. represent more than 13% of the 100 stocks in NASDAQ and remain the most famous stock to invest by the hedge funds. Ratio analysis   Ratio Analysis for Apple Inc. Ratios 2013 2012 2011 Return on assets 0.18 0.24 0.22 Current ratio 1.68 1.50 1.61 Quick ratio 1.64 1.48 1.58 Debt Equity ratio 0.68 0.49 0.52 Debt ratio 0.40 0.33 0.34 Price earnings ratio 13.96 11.75 13.77 EPS 39.75 44.15 27.68 Working Capital 29628000 19111000 17018000 Return on Assets The Return on Assets percentage indicates the profitability of the assets of a business in terms of earning revenue for the business (Brown, 2003). Ideally, the return on assets should be greater than 5%. In the case of Apple Inc. the ratio of net income to total assets decreases from 22% in 2011 to 24% in 2012 and to 18% in 2013. The return on assets ratio for Apple is quite high compared to the industry standards and indicates that the business is efficient in employing the stakeholder’s assets in generating income. The better use of the assets i.e. debt and equity in a business is represented by a higher percentage of ROA. Though the ROA percentages of Apple Inc. have decreased from 2011 to 2013, yet the investors would consider 18% ROA as a positive factor for investing in the stocks of Apple Inc. Current ratio Current ratio is used to measure how equipped the business ids to pay off its short term obligations like payables and debts using the current assets in the business like inventory, cash and other receivables. Current ratio is simply calculated by dividing the current assets by the curr ent liabilities which include short term debts and other liabilities that are due within a period of less than a year. An ideal current ratio is valued at 2:1. The current ratios of Apple Inc. are measured at 1.61 in 2011, 1.50 in 2012 and 1.68 in 2013. Thus, the current ratios of Apple Inc. are strong over the three years indicating that the business

Global Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global Marketing - Assignment Example As such, this memorandum will outline specific key tactics that shall be used in order to create a robust marketing strategy. Making 100 percent increase in sales revenue is no mean feat meaning various facets of the marketing mix will require to be addressed in order to achieve this goal. The marketing research exercise will seek to gather information on economic and demographic data, cultural and sociological data, overview of market conditions, level of awareness of the Mayo Clinic, reputation of Mayo Clinic and attractiveness of Mayo clinic internationally. Economic and demographic data shows data on growth and statistics in the health industry, analysis of stability of economies and how it influences the health decisions of the target markets and population trends. Cultural and sociological data provide insight into the ecological, climate history of common diseases, eating habits and their potential impact on insurance coverage and clinic choice. Finally, overview of market conditions involves analysis of the level of technology including internet knowledge in the target market, level of proficiency in resident clinics, level of health mindfulness and insurance coverage inclinations. Mayo clinic, as a brand should be in a position to exude exceptional qualities that will attract people around the world. Since its humble beginnings, nearly a hundred years, the founders of Mayo clinic sought to create an international legacy by traveling around the globe. In their expeditions, they compared notes and surgical methods with other physicians around the world in order to increase or change expertise. Mayo clinic continues in these traditions as in so many other areas of medical practice. Mayo clinic is focused on delivering exceptional care that recognizes no limits. Mayo clinic currently seeks to establish and position itself as the best service provider based in knowledge and superior care. Mayo clinic also prides itself on being multi-lingual,

Financial Research Report Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Financial Report - Research Paper Example Also, the company has an enviable customer base that is extremely loyal towards the iOS platform. The company has maintained historical records of maintaining a customer retention percentage of more than 90%. The analysts and the investors are considering Apple as a strong buy based on the Fibonacci model. The Fibonacci retracements state that the stock prices follow a trend of rising strongly, then falling down to a lower price followed by a significant upturn. This justifies the fall of the stock prices in the fourth quarter of 2012 followed by a steep rise in the stock prices starting from the first quarter of 2013. Apple is considered as a fundamentally and technically strong company ideal for investment in its stocks (Edwards, 2007). The value driven mutual funds consider Apple as an important stock for investment and almost 40% of these mutual funds hold positions in Apple with more than USD 1 billion of assets. The biggest investors of the world are expected to accelerate the growth of shareholder value of Apple through buy backs and dividend pay-outs. The balance sheet of Apple is strong with zero debt value and high cash reserves of more than USD 1.45 billion. Around 74% of the analysts in the Wall Street hold a strong buy on the shares of Apple Inc. Moreover, the company is projected to surpass the earnings expectations by the end of the last quarter of 2013. The stocks of Apple Inc. represent more than 13% of the 100 stocks in NASDAQ and remain the most famous stock to invest by the hedge funds. Ratio analysis   Ratio Analysis for Apple Inc. Ratios 2013 2012 2011 Return on assets 0.18 0.24 0.22 Current ratio 1.68 1.50 1.61 Quick ratio 1.64 1.48 1.58 Debt Equity ratio 0.68 0.49 0.52 Debt ratio 0.40 0.33 0.34 Price earnings ratio 13.96 11.75 13.77 EPS 39.75 44.15 27.68 Working Capital 29628000 19111000 17018000 Return on Assets The Return on Assets percentage indicates the profitability of the assets of a business in terms of earning revenue for the business (Brown, 2003). Ideally, the return on assets should be greater than 5%. In the case of Apple Inc. the ratio of net income to total assets decreases from 22% in 2011 to 24% in 2012 and to 18% in 2013. The return on assets ratio for Apple is quite high compared to the industry standards and indicates that the business is efficient in employing the stakeholder’s assets in generating income. The better use of the assets i.e. debt and equity in a business is represented by a higher percentage of ROA. Though the ROA percentages of Apple Inc. have decreased from 2011 to 2013, yet the investors would consider 18% ROA as a positive factor for investing in the stocks of Apple Inc. Current ratio Current ratio is used to measure how equipped the business ids to pay off its short term obligations like payables and debts using the current assets in the business like inventory, cash and other receivables. Current ratio is simply calculated by dividing the current assets by the curr ent liabilities which include short term debts and other liabilities that are due within a period of less than a year. An ideal current ratio is valued at 2:1. The current ratios of Apple Inc. are measured at 1.61 in 2011, 1.50 in 2012 and 1.68 in 2013. Thus, the current ratios of Apple Inc. are strong over the three years indicating that the business

Influence the Age of Exploration Had on the New World and Africa Essay Example for Free

Influence the Age of Exploration Had on the New World and Africa Essay The Europeans, during the Age of Exploration, had an influence on both the New World across the Atlantic Ocean, and the much closer continent of Africa. In both Africa and the New World, Europeans had similar influences in that they negatively affected the natives in their search for riches such as spices and precious metals, and wherever they traveled they would spread Christianity to the natives. One example of this is when Cortes arrived in the Aztec empire he demanded they convert to Christianity, and when the Portuguese began colonizing east Africa it didnt take long for the Jesuits to come. However the spread of diseases, the slave trade, and the economic takeover of natural goods differed in the New World and Africa. Africans were accustomed to the diseases of Europe, the natives of the Americas were not enslaved as the Africans were, and the Europeans were unable to take over the natural resources of the Africans because of their stronger government structure. In both the New World and Africa the Europeans were constantly in search of riches and devoted to the spread of the Christian faith. Christopher Columbus’s first expedition across the Atlantic was in search for spices. In Africa, they wanted precious metals such as gold. In the New World and Africa the native people had their land taken from them by the Europeans so that they could search for these valuable things. When the Portuguese were settling the east African coast they forced the leader of the Mwene Mutapa to grant large sections of land to their officials. In the New World the natives also lost land but the Europeans were much more forceful. When Cortes came to the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan a battle broke out that killed the majority of the local population. This negatively influenced both the two worlds. Another influence on the native population was the spread of Christianity. The Spanish had forced the Aztecs to convert to Christianity but when they refused, a battle broke out. In Africa Jesuits had started to come to the Portuguese settlements in hopes to convert natives. Although the Portuguese Jesuits were less violent than the conquistadors, both Africa and the New World were influenced by the spread of Christianity European exploration and colonization had different effects on the New World in contrast with Africa in regards to disease effecting society, the effect politics had on slave trade, as well as the economic takeover of natural goods in the New World. European diseases alone wiped out at least half the population of the Americas. When Columbus arrived to  Hispaniola the population was 100,000 but just 77 years later and it had dwindled to 300. Diseases had a massive impact on the New World whereas it had little to no effect on Africa. Due to the fact that Africa is so much nearer to Europe, they had more exposure to these diseases, specifi cally Malaria. African ancestors were able to build up a stronger immunity to the diseases carried be European therefore it had contact with Europe via the Trans Saharan Trade Route, it is believed that African ancestor’ exposure to many diseases created resistance in further African generations. Therefore, the African population was much less effected by diseases carried by Europeans explorers than the Native Americans. When the Europeans arrived to the Americas they were able to take the population by storm. The Native Americans were weak and defenseless compared to the Spanish, who had horses and modern weapons. Columbus himself called these people â€Å"naà ¯ve innocents.† Due to their innocence it was easy for the Spanish to capture them and put them to work in sugar cane fields. This was quite the opposite however of the slaves captured from Africa. These slaves were actually negotiated between African slave traders and the Europeans. Slave merchants were paid with East Asian textiles, furniture, and spices. This differentiates from the completely forced capture of the slaves in the Americas because Africa was already well established. The indigenous people had a strong form of government and trade was strong along the Trans Saharan Caravan Trade Route. The Native Americans on the other hand did not have a stable enough government to withstand the Europeans. Looking at this form and economical stand point, natural resources were taken over in the Americas by the explorers. They harvested all the sugar cane, gold, and silver for their own trade purposes. The Indians were forced to work the fields, not own them like before. In Africa though, due to its strong establishment, Europeans could not forcibly take resources. Instead they negotiated and traded with slaver merchants to get what they wanted: slaves who would be forced to go the Americas to be the labor force for harvesting the natural resources there. The New World and Africa were affected by the Europeans during the Age of Exploration in similar and opposite ways. Both were negatively affected in the European’s search for riches and spices. They were also influenced by the spread of Christianity by the Portuguese Jesuits and Spanish conquistadors. There were differences however in the way European  diseases effected the foreign populations, how slavery in Africa was handled compared to the New World, and the economic takeover of natural goods in the societies.

The Importance Of Costs In The Pricing Strategy Accounting Essay

The Importance Of Costs In The Pricing Strategy Accounting Essay It is very important for companies to have a good pricing strategy as it than permits them to earn good profit margin on its product or services and at the same time making it appealing to the customers. Pricing strategies are very important part of business and different organisation spend large sum of money and effort to devise effective and efficient pricing strategies. Following are different types of pricing strategies that different business organisations use in order to attract customers and at the same time to earn profit: Competition Pricing; Psychological Pricing; Cost based Pricing; Price Skimming. Absorption costing The formula that is used by different organisations to calculate the price is:   Selling price. = Cost + profit Cost based pricing: One of the strategies is cost based pricing. This strategy involves first the calculation of the fixed cost and the variable cost of the specific product or service that is offered by an organisation. Once the total cost is calculated than the profit margin is added to each unit i.e. it can 5%, 7% or 9%. The cost based pricing strategy is very efficient strategy as it covers all the costs related to product and service and it also covers the desired profit. Although this strategy looks very simple and easy to use and managers only have to do some financial calculations in order to determine the price of the product or service that is being delivered. But the problem with this strategy is that it doesnt consider the external factors such as market or the competition that also have massive impact on pricing. But as this strategy is very old and the organisation only has to process the internal information to calculate the price thats why it is very popular. The organisation can also justify the prices that have been allocated on the basis of their cost and also prove that the price is the sum of the total cost and the profit. Absorption costing principles: Absorption costing is another costing technique that is widely used it involves the allocation of all the costs that have been incurred by the business organisation to each of its product or the service they offer. This strategy enables them to estimate whether the product will make profit in future or not. During the cost allocation process some assumptions are also made as some costs are fixed and some are variable which depend on the level of production. When absorption costing system is used the profit that are reported by the organisation depend on the level of production and the level of sales by the firm, this is due to the fact the fixed manufacturing overhead is absorbed in the value of work in progress goods and also in the finished goods. But if at the end of the accounting period the stock is not sold out than the fixed manufacturing overhead cost is transferred to the next period. Marginal costing principles: Marginal costing is another significant costing strategy. This strategy gives importance to the behavioural characteristics of the costs. The two elements of the cost are first separated i.e. variable cost in which the cost per unit is same and the total cost changes depending on the level of production and the second element is fixed cost in which the total cost is same irrespective of level of production. It is not very easy to separate fixed and variable costs, the organisation simplify the information to do this and sometimes it is not very accurate. But this costing strategy is very helpful for business organisations to perform different activities such as decision making and short term planning. In this costing system the variable cost is subtracted from the sales revenue to calculate the contribution margin of each product i.e. the amount each product has contributed to cover the total fixed cost that business organisation has sustained. And then the fixed cost is subtracted f rom the contribution margin as fixed cost is treated as period cost and then the net profit is found. 1.2 Design a costing system for use within an organization. The world was hit by the recession in 2007. Now it is been more than six years but still many countries are not able to get rid of it and most of the countries are facing the after effects. The economy has been badly affected by the recession. And therefore business organisations are also giving more attention to the financial aspects of the firm. The business organisations are trying to be prepared for such kind of disasters by using various accounting tools that helps them to closely evaluate their performance whether it is financial or management performance. This also helps them to identify various opportunities. According to Datar et.al (2008) business organisations are giving more attention to cost accounting these days in order to make their financial as well as their strategic decisions. The costing system enables the organisation to easily record the expenses that have been incurred or will be incurred in future. But the other financial technique limits the business organisa tions to sales, marketing and human resource management and does not give the accurate cost of the business activities. There are different costing systems some of them are mentioned above but the three costing systems that are gaining more attention are very popular among business organisations are: Activities-Based Costing System Absorption Costing System Direct Costing System TESCO is a multinational grocery store with millions of turn-over every year; they have been using traditional costing system which is used to cover their huge sales. But now as the competition is increasing in the market due to globalisation and various other factors the number of challenged TESCO is facing is also increasing. Therefore the best costing system for TESCO is activity based costing or ABC system. According to Dekker (2003) the fundamental principle of the activity based costing revolves around value chain analysis and integrated cost evaluation and the sales information that is associated with the supply chain of the organisation. TESCO requires the main costing hub rather than small different departments. It has more than 30,000 products and therefore it is very difficult to keep track of all of them. Any business firm offering this much number of products cannot keep track of the cost and they can be in difficult situation due to overhead cost allocation. Activity based costing system has two divers volume based and non-volume based. The most suitable costing system for TESCO is activity based costing as it helps the organisation to get the exact summary of cost of sales. 1.3 Propose improvements to the costing and pricing systems used by an organization The competition-based pricing policy should be used by TESCO. This strategy helps the firm to finalize the price of the product after analysing the prices set by the other companies that are currently competing in the market. Therefore TESCO should first identify its present competitors that are giving it a cut throat competition. Than after calculating the costs of its products TESCO sets the price of each product. The prices are set either higher, lower or exactly the same prices that are offered by competitors. This decision is actually based on how the competitor will respond to the set price. If there are few competitors in the market than the response of the competitor is very important part of this pricing strategy. Because if this is the case than, when one competitor lowers the price the other competitor will also lower theirs in order to be more competitive. By using this this pricing policy the companies can relatively quickly set their prices and as this strategy does not require accurate market data therefore it requires very little effort to carry it out. Competitive pricing also makes distributors more receptive to a companys products because they are priced within the range the distributor already handles. Furthermore, this pricing policy enables companies to select from a variety of different pricing strategies to achieve their strategic goals. In other words, companies can choose to mark their prices above, below, or on par with their competitors prices and thereby influence customer perceptions of their products. 2.1. Apply forecasting techniques to make cost and revenue decisions in an organization Assumptions for Forecasted Income Statement: The revenues have increased by 5%. The cost of goods sold has increased by 2% The selling, general and admin expenses has been managed to bring down by 3% No further borrowing took place therefore interest expense is same Interest income, income on equity investment and non-operating income has increased by 1%. All the unusual items will be same. Income tax will be 25%. Minority interest in earning and earning from discounted operations will be same. NOTE: All the figures are rounded off to one decimal place. Currency (Millions of British Pounds) As of: Feb 25 2012 GBP % Change Feb 25 2013 GBP Revenue 64,539.0 5% 67,766.0 TOTAL REVENUE 64,539.0 67,766.0 Cost Of Goods Sold (cogs) 59,278.0 2% 60,464.0 GROSS PROFIT 5,261.0 7,302.0 Selling General Admin Expenses, Total (1,634.0) (3%) (1,585.0) Total OPERATING EXPENSES (1,634.0) (1,585.0) OPERATING INCOME 3,627.0 5717.0 Interest Expense (417.0) Same (417.0) Interest Income And Investment Income 114.0 1% 115.0 NET INTEREST EXPENSE (303.0) (302.0) Income On Equity Investments 91.0 1% 92.0 Other Non-Operating Income (Expenses) 44.0 1% 44.0 EBT 3,459.0 5,551.0 Impairment Of Goodwill Same Gain On Sale Of Assets 376.0 Same 376.0 Other Unusual Items Same EBT, INCLUDING UNUSUAL ITEMS 3,835.0 5927.0 Income Tax Expense 879.0 (25%) 1482.0 Minority Interest In Earnings (8.0) Same (8.0) Earnings From Continuing Operations 2,956.0 4,445.0 EARNINGS FROM DISCOUNTINUED OPERATIONS (142.0) Same (142.0) NET INCOME 2,806.0 4,295.0 NET INCOME TO COMMON INCLUDING EXTRA ITEMS 2,806.0 4,295.0 NET INCOME TO COMMON EXCLUDING EXTRA ITEMS 2,948.0 4,437.0 Assumptions for Forecasted balance Sheet: All assets will increase by 3% except the current assets. Current assets will increase by 5%. All current liabilities will increase by 4%. All long term liabilities will increase by 3.95%. Equity will increase by 5%. Currency in Millions of British Pounds As of: Feb 25 2012 GBP % Change Feb 25 2013 GBP Assets http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif Cash And Equivalents 2,305.0 5%http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif 2420.25 Short-Term Investments 1,243.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 1305.15 TOTAL CASH AND SHORT TERM INVESTMENTS 3,548.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 3725.4 Accounts Receivable 2,502.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 2627.1 Notes Receivable http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif Other Receivables 2,244.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 2356.2 TOTAL RECEIVABLES 4,746.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 4983.3 Inventory 3,598.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 3777.9 Prepaid Expenses 420.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 441 Other Current Assets 551.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 578.55 TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS 12,863.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 13506.15 Gross Property Plant And Equipment 34,772.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3% 35815.16 Accumulated Depreciation -9,062.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3% -9333.86 NET PROPERTY PLANT AND EQUIPMENT 25,710.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3% 26481.3 Goodwill 3,449.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3% 3552.47 Long-Term Investments 1,949.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3% 2007.47 Accounts Receivable, Long Term 1,901.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3% 1958.03 Loans Receivable, Long Term http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3% Deferred Tax Assets, Long Term 23.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3% 23.69 Deferred Charges, Long Term 677.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3% 697.31 Other Intangibles 492.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3% 506.76 Other Long-Term Assets 3,717.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3% 3828.51 TOTAL ASSETS 50,781.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif 52304.43 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif LIABILITIES EQUITY http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif Accounts Payable 5,971.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif4% 6209.84 Accrued Expenses 2,612.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif4% 2716.48 Short-Term Borrowings 415.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif4% 431.6 Current Portion Of Long-Term Debt/Capital Lease 1,423.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif4% 1479.92 Current Portion Of Capital Lease Obligations 32.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif4% 33.28 Current Income Taxes Payable 416.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif4% 432.64 Other Current Liabilities, Total 8,412.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif4% 8748.48 TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES 19,249.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif4% 20018.96 Long-Term Debt 9,777.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3.95% 10163.19 Capital Leases 134.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3.95% 139.293 Minority Interest 26.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3.95% 27.027 Pension Other Post-Retirement Benefits 1,872.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3.95% 1945.944 Deferred Tax Liability Non-Current 1,160.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3.95% 1205.82 Other Non-Current Liabilities 788.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3.95% 819.126 TOTAL LIABILITIES 32,980.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3.95% 34319.36 Common Stock 402.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 422.1 Additional Paid In Capital 4,964.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 5212.2 Retained Earnings 12,164.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 12772.2 Treasury Stock -18.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% -18.9 Comprehensive Income And Other 263.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 276.15 TOTAL COMMON EQUITY 17,775.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 18663.75 TOTAL EQUITY 17,801.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif 18,701.00 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY 50,781.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif 52304.43 2.2 Assess the sources of funds available to an organization for a specific project: There are two sources of capital: Equity financing Retained earnings Public stock sale Partners Venture capital companies Corporations Debt financing: Asset based financing Vendor financing Commercial banks But all of the above sources are not suitable for Tesco. It already has floated its stocks in the market therefore only following few sources of funds available to Tesco: Retained earnings The retained earning directly affects the amount of dividend paid to the shareholders. Company can either use its profits as retained earnings or reinvest them or they can give it away as dividend. There are different reasons because of which it is better to use retained earnings to finance the new project instead of giving it as dividend such as company does not have to borrow it and then pay interest on the loan which will incur extra cost. The dividend policy is devised by the directors and they prefer to use retained earnings as an attractive source of fund. Bank lending: Banks are also another important source of funds these days. They lend money to business organisation and charge interest rate on it. The banks lend short term loans in terms of overdraft and short term loans. An overdraft is given by bank which company has to pay back within the set limits. The interest is charged but at a variable rate. Whereas the short term loan is the loan extended by bank for the period of up to three years. Medium loans are another type of loans that are given by banks for the time period of more than three years. The type of loan extended by the bank depends on the credit history of the company. Leasing: There are two types of parties in a lease agreement i.e. lessee and lessor. Lessor is the person who is the owner of the asset and lessee is the person who is willing to use that asset with the payment of certain amount of money. The agreement is signed between two parties after which lessee is allowed to use the asset but he has to make certain amount of payments for certain period of time. We can say that lease is another type of rental. There are different types of assets that can be leased out such as building, house, land furniture, equipment and vehicles etc. There are two different types of lease; operating lease and finance lease. Operating lease is the lease of the equipment for the specified period of time and the lessor has the responsibility of the maintenance of that equipment. The lease period is fairly short. Whereas in finance lease the agreement of lease is relatively long in most cases it is the expected life of the asset that is to be leased. Franchising: This is another attractive source of financing the new business venture for many business organisations. This method requires less financing for business organisation to expand. Two parties are involved in franchising agreement that is franchisor and franchisee. The franchisor gives a right to franchisee to operate its business using the franchisors name but in return franchisee has to pay certain amount of money. The franchisee has to pay an upfront fee to franchisor that covers the business set up cost and then monthly or yearly payments are made that is certain percentage of the franchisee profit. 3.1 select appropriate budgetary targets for an organization The budgeting is very important and essential part of any organisation as it is similar to financial plan that shows the allocation of the financial funds that are available to an organisation to different expenditures. The main drivers of the budget of any organisation are the mission, vision and objectives of that specific organisation. The budget of the business organisation includes different variables Revenues Expenses sales output operating cost fixed cost profits cash flow capital investment The budget of the organisation of the coming year is based on certain key assumptions that are made about the most likely business conditions of the organisation. This help to produce a detailed budget of the organisation which includes monthly sales level, the overall production and also the different expenditures. Business organisations should have flexible budget so that they can easily mould with changing external conditions. For example the actual sales can be higher than the expected value so it is important to change the budget and to increase the costs related to it such as overhead cost, variable cost, labour cost etc. 3.2 participate in the creation of a master budget for an organization Sales (in billions): 1st Quarter  £33,000 2nd Quarter  £30,000 3rd Quarter  £32,000 4th Quarter  £36,000 Costs (in billions): 1st Quarter  £29,000 2nd Quarter  £29,800 3rd Quarter  £29,970 4th Quarter  £31,250 Selling Expenses (in billions): Variable cost: 3% of Sales Fixed cost: (divided in fo

Essay --

Though the national public opinions on marijuana and the use of it have recently gained massive media attention, the question still largely remains: â€Å"Do the benefits of marijuana uses outweigh the potential risks associated with it?† The truth of the matter is that all of the negative attributes that would come along with its legalization and usage make one wonder why the nation is even deliberating on the subject. These main reasons clearly identify why marijuana should remain illegal. First, marijuana legalization poses a serious risk for the occurrence of an upswing in teen marijuana use. Secondly, marijuana poses countless health risks on individuals who use it. Finally, the benefits associated with marijuana use are minimal, to say the least, and therefore would do nothing more than allow people to get high at free will. Overall, even though marijuana has been heavily promoted through its own advocates as well as the media as a substance with a plethora of benefits, the legalization of the use of this drug would ultimately do more harm than good. It’s no secret that the media has heavily glamorized marijuana usage in recent times. Teens are watching as more and more states put marijuana legalization measures on their ballots. They are watching as states like Washington and Colorado legalize recreational marijuana use. Not to mention all the stars that glamorize drugs. Teens watch as stars they admire like Miley Cyrus openly proclaim their love for marijuana and getting stoned from it. (Rivera) Slogans like â€Å"Just Say No† are slowly fading from the minds of our nation’s teens. When teens watch things like this occur, it’s easy to see why they may want to begin using marijuana. The issue with this is that an upswing in teen ma... ...uana’s benefits probably do not outweigh its drawbacks, and therefore should remain illegal. Marijuana is and will remain a hot topic in American minds from years to come. Its legal status, though, is the situation at hand and the question remains: â€Å"Does the drug carry enough positive qualities to overcome all of its negative attributes?† The simple answer to that question is â€Å"no.† The drug poses a serious risk in an upswing of teen marijuana use, it has been proven to contain numerous health risks, and its benefits are so small and minimally-researched that likely the only â€Å"benefit† to come from its legalization is freedom for people to get stoned at their own discretion. To sum it up, marijuana is simply something that can do without legalizing. Keeping its status illegal will ultimately help keep our citizens from going down a road they certainly do not need to.

Welfare and Social Responsibility :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Welfare and Social Responsibility    Welfare. Read that word to yourself and ask what popular images surround it. The first thing is probably women and children. This one is correct, because 97% of AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children, the federal "welfare" program) is made up of women and children. Young women? Not really-the average age of a mother receiving welfare is 29, and only 7.6% are under the age of 20. Is she black? Maybe, because the composition of the welfare roles is about the same percentage black and white. More kids than she can count? The average welfare family has 2.9 members. That means a single mom would have 1.9 children (fewer than the national average). Forever "dependent?"-the average length of a stay on welfare is 22 months. We certainly think that they don't work. Without bringing up the question of why raising children is not considered work, the average AFDC benefit plus food stamps still is only 69% of the poverty line. Women on welfare are constantly working to make up that differ ence. Do we think of welfare as expensive? AFDC represents just over 1% of the national budget. If welfare is not about young women having lots of babies and living their life off the generosity of the state, and if it's a minuscule part of the federal budget, why have Republicans chosen it as their pilot issue? Why, when our Federal Reserve is raising interest rates and attempting to maintain an unemployment rate of 6.2%, and when a job at minimum wage would still leave a mother with two children 23% below the poverty line, is entrance into the paid workforce being pushed as the panacea for poverty? If we are serious about getting people to work we need relevant training programs, child care provisions, and efforts at job creation. These at least were discussed in the Clinton plan, if the plan was in many other ways as punitive and insubstantial as the Republican plan. The Republican ideology is particularly insidious because it shifts the entire frame of debate from the structural to the moral. It implies, even states, that if those people would just clean up their morals and stop being so lazy that they could have a place in the American Dream. Today welfare moms are understood to be the symbol for all that is morally wrong with America.

Automobile Industry Macro Factor Affecting and Ther Weitage

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SKILL BASED QUESTIONS Simplest†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Q †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ East Bengal V/s Manchester United, match organized on Monday(Just day after). Fan across world are expected. Tickets available are 20,000, which have to be sold, but selling them over the counter is ruled out because of much less time available †¢ What now? 1) IT enabled services improve the effectiveness and efficiency of businesses in comparison with non-it enabled ones. Discuss. 2. IT involvement in BPOs is very important. Do you feel â€Å"There is no BPO without IT†? Justify your views. 3)In what major ways have IS in business changed during the last 20 years?What is the major change you think will happen in the next 10 years? 4) Peter Black ,the marketing manager of West star Inc. plans to have a marketing IS in the organisation. How would he go about improving the existing system? 5) How can Internet technologies help a business form strategic alliance with its c ustomers, suppliers and others? 5a) Why is there a trend towards cross functional Integrated enterprise systems in business? 6. If personalizing a customer’s website experience is a key success factor, then electronic profiling processes to track visitor website behavior are necessary. Do you agree r disagree with this statement? 7. Trendz Inc. is a retail company which plans to have an online presence. Explain the process of Web store development 8)Information systems play strategic roles to improve company’s competitive position. Identify the strategic roles of information systems that can give an organization competitive advantage. 9) XYZ Inc. has a very effective information systems. However, to keep the data secure, the security controls of IS in the company are very essential. What are the major types of controls that are needed to ensure the security of IS in XYZ. Inc? 10) Neglecting the ethical dimensions of IT can ave an effect on the functioning of a business . Explain in brief the ethical and social dimensions of IT. 11) The regional director of a marketing company wants to have an emergency meeting with all his sales team members and to show them a new protocol developed by the competitor. But all are at far-away places on sales assignments. Suggest how a suitable technology based method helps him. 12 †¢ Marketing Managers of a manufacturing firm are planning to increase the sales this year at any cost and they are supposed to prepare a proposal to show the management saying, what-if they increase the advertisement budget this year by 0%, 20% and 30% over the last year’s budget. †¢ Suggest a suitable Information system which helps them in their What-if analysis and comment. 13 †¢ Japan is planning host a football tournament, surprisingly for ROBOTS to showcase their technological supremacy. †¢ What branch of computer science will help them in designing the ROBOTS to play the game? Comment. 14 †¢ A logist ics company want to provide up-to date information to their clients about their shipment regarding their place or location, movement, and time of arrival at the destination, at any point of time the clients want to know about, in order to ave a satisfied customer base. †¢ Suggest what technology they should adopt to continuously track the shipments and how can they achieve their goal. 15 †¢ Company ABC is planning to do all business activities including collaboration with all stake holders using the telecommunication network while, company XYZ is planning to do only sales transactions using the same telecommunication network. †¢ Identify the technologies each of the firms are planning for and differentiate between them. 16 †¢ Business organizations want to purchase a software package which helps them to go global for all their eeds including market reach, interaction with customers and sales across the globe with better efficiency. The vendor companies have come forward to offer the same which is a multi module application software with features like single database, integration of all stand alone functional packages and which typically attempts to cover all basic functions of organizations. †¢ What they are planning to sell to Business organizations and if that software fails what would be the reasons? 17 †¢ Today one information system is used commonly by sales representatives, field service managers, feedback collection executives, response center gents, follow up executives, sales campaign managers, customer relationship executives etc†¦ at Honeywell to collect the orders, feedback, maintain the customer database, to send product brochures etc†¦. †¢ Explain that information system. 18 †¢ American companies off load their jobs to South Asian countries especially India, in order to reduce their operating and processing costs due to availability of cheap labour in such countries. †¢ What the business we a re talking about? How internet is helpful in doing such businesses. 19 †¢ Thirteen years ago when you purchased mobile phone and went to activate your SIM ard, it took almost 2-3 days to start making calls. †¢ Now if you do so, you can start immediately. What particular information processing activities are applied? Q 20 †¢ Describe your involvement in a large software development project, either as part of the commissioning team, or in developing the systems concept or in writing components of the software. †¢ How did your involvement relate to the involvement of others and how was the work of the different participants coordinated? †¢ How was the project overseen and managed? †¢ In what ways to you think the management of the project, or its implementation, could have been improved?

Henry V coursework ~ War criminal or Hero? Essay

Henry V is known as an ideal king and Shakespeare presents him as a great warrior. The writer shows this by making him have inspirational leadership qualities as well as being able to relate to ordinary people. Henry takes his responsibilities very seriously and is very fair and just. The king is deeply religious, however, he can be ruthless. Overall Henry is regarded as a national hero. Firstly, Henry has a range of reasons why he declares war on France. I think the main reason is to follow his father’s advice and unite the country. An example of this is on his deathbed and he says â€Å"busy giddy minds with foreign quarrels†, this shows the country needs uniting and to do this he should start a war with a foreign country. The next reason is to live up to his ancestors and be glorified like them. This is shown by Canterbury when he states, â€Å"Invoke his warlike spirit, your great – uncles, Edward the black prince† and â€Å"Look back to your mighty ancestors†. This shows he has to live up to his ancestors and be as good as them. Thirdly, Henry feels he has a strong claim for the throne. For instance, he feels he has a claim because of his great – grandmother and goes to Canterbury to find out. He asks Canterbury if he deserves it, when he says â€Å"Justly and retigiously unfold, why the salic law †¦. or should or should not bar us in our claim†/ Henry feels he has the right but must be absolutely sure not to make a false claim. He doesn’t want men’s lives on his conscience. Then another reason is people expect him to. An illustration of this is when Exeter says, â€Å"your brothers kings and monarchs of the earth do all expect that you should rouse yourself†. As a king he is expected to take charge of his country and claim what could be a great venture. Also, the church offers to pay. For example, when Canterbury states, â€Å"In aid where of we of the spirituality, will raise your highness such a mighty sum, as never did the clergy at one time†. The church feel they should help pay and offer, so Henry doesn’t have to pay and so going to war wouldn’t cost him anything. Finally, the Dauphin insults him by sending him a chest of tennis balls. The king has already decided to go to war but this just makes him more determined. Henry’s voice is calm and sarcastic when he says, â€Å"we are glad the Dauphin is so pleasant with us†. As he says this, it gets louder and louder, working into a crescendo. He also makes a speech, where he is talking about war like a tennis match, using metaphors. He also uses a lot of repetition at this point to emphasise what he is saying. This just makes Henry even angrier persuading him to go to war. So overall Henry has very strong reasons to go to war with France. However, before going to war, Henry seeked advice for the Salic law. This indicates he takes his responsibilities very seriously. Henry seeks advice, as he doesn’t want to go to war without good reason. The king shows this when he is talking to Canterbury as he says, â€Å"for never two such kingdoms did contend with out much fall of blood, whose guiltless drops†. He tells Canterbury to be careful because he doesn’t want an illegal war. Henry takes this so seriously as he doesn’t want his soldiers to lose their lives unnecessarily and doesn’t want their lives on his conscience. Prior to that, Henry also leaves part of his army in England to guard against an invasion from Scotland. This is illustrated when the king goes â€Å"we must not only arm t’invade the French †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ against the Scots who will make road upon us with all advantages†. This shows that Henry is taking all precautions to protect his country from all aspects. Another example of Henry taking his responsibilities seriously is when he executes his three friends Cambridge, Scroop, Gray and an old friend Bardolf. Henry executes Bardolf as an example to his men and to the French. It shows what type of king they can expect. Henry executes Cambridge, Scroop and Gray as they were not only plotting to kill Henry but tried to ruin everyone in England. This shows Henry isn’t afraid to take difficult decisions as they were his friends but executed them for his country. Henry takes his responsibilities seriously for his country. Thirdly, in the scripts of Henry V it shows Henry as a religious man, which leads me to believe he isn’t a war criminal. To show that Henry is religious, Shakespeare uses constant references to God in his speeches throughout the play. Also Henry says to the French ambassador, who was sent to England with an insulting gift of tennis balls, that â€Å"we are no tyrant but Christian king†. This shows he is religious in his own eyes. In addition to this, Henry asks two priests, Canterbury and Ely to explain the salic law, which allows people to inherit the throne only through men and not women but Henry wants to inherit the French throne through his great – grandmother which the French claim cannot be done. Henry asks Canterbury and Ely for advice and asks them â€Å"justly and religiously†, whether he can claim the French throne or not. More importantly he has to make sure he does not want his soldiers lives on his conscience. Further more, the night before Agincourt, Henry prays to God. He feels he has to apologise for his father’s crime of murdering Richard II and thinks God may take blame on his soldiers and prays he doesn’t. He asks God to look after him and his men’s lives and not turn against them at battle. Later on, after the battle of Agincourt, Henry thanks God by saying â€Å"praised it be God and not our strength for it†. This shows he feels that without God they wouldn’t have won the battle. That their strength couldn’t have done it without help. Henry dedicates the victory to God. Next reason is that Henry is a inspirational leader. This is revealed by the country’s reaction to war. For instance when describing the scene, chorus states â€Å"now all the youth of England are on fire†. This illustrates the country is uniting which was the advice Henry was given by his father on his deathbed. It is also shown in Henrys speeches. In the speech, Harfleur, Henry gives the men something to fight for as he talks to them as though they are all equal and making them remember there fathers to fight as good as them. The king tells them they will all become role models for people who haven’t got courage. Henry is expressing his confidence in them. Henry uses similes like greyhounds are hunting the enemies, which is what the soldiers are doing to the French. Henry right at the end shouts a battle cry, which inspires the men even more. Overall Henry was trying to make them feel good about themselves and not like bad war warriors. In the speech, Agincourt, Henry uses the same techniques in the Harfleur speech. Henry uses a public display of confidence to boost their courage. Henry tells his soldiers that they will get a lot of glory and that they will be remembered. He tells them they are all equal and that they will all bond together. Henry in his speech is not forcing them to do anything they don’t want. Henry tells them they are very special. Henry works the speech into a crescendo, getting louder and louder, making the men get more positive as it goes on. This does the same effect as the Harfleur speeches making the men want to fight. Also, Henry leads by example. This shown in the Agincourt speech and the night before, as when the king was in disguise he said, ‘I myself heard the king say he would not be ransomed’. Also the king tells the Herald just before the battle to leave them alone as he would not be ransomed. As well as that, Henry shares hardships of his men as he makes them feel all equal. Henry feels and acts just like them, common humanity. This is shown in the speeches and the night before Agincourt, where he says ‘ I think the king is but a man as I am’. Henry fights with his men and doesn’t sit back and watch. He feels he should go to battle aswel, making him and his men more equal. Also Henry is very fair and just, this is shown as the king is responsible for the order and peace of his kingdom and Henry deals with this correctly, as he gives the country a stable and fair government. There are two examples of Henry upholding the law. The first is shown in the execution of Bardolph as Henry is operating martial law, no trial. He executes Bardolph as he robbed a French church and he wants to set an example to his soldiers and to the French. This is to show what kind of king he can be to the French citizens. The second example is the execution of Cambridge, Scroop and Gray. This is where three friends of Henry try to endanger him and the whole country, They get executed because they could ruin the whole country, so the act is not of vengeance and he is not using the law as his private means of revenge. The three traitors beg for mercy but the king ignores this, as he cannot forgive someone for doing a crime as everyone may start doing it. Both of these decisions are very difficult for Henry to make as they are his friends but he takes his responsibilities and the law very seriously. This shows he is fair in giving equal treatment to everyone. All that I have mentioned above are showing Henry in a positive light and are good characteristics for an ideal king who takes his responsibilities seriously. However, the other side to Henry, the ruthlessness, doesn’t show him as an inspirational king. Henry does certain things in the play, which would be thought of as controversial today. Henry is very ruthless. For example, when Henry sets the trap for the three traitors; Cambridge, Scroop and Gray. He plays with them making them think they are getting their commissions for the army but instead they are being given death warrants. This shows dramatic irony as the only three people it mainly concerns doesn’t know what’s going on. Henry uses ironic words throughout the scene like ‘kind and gentle knight’. The scene is very ambiguous as he is making them believe that he doesn’t suspect them as they are close friends but really Henry is saying he is going to sort out the traitors, basically they think they are safe but they are not. There are a lot of veiled threats given by the king but are missed by Cambridge, Scroop and Gray. The three traitors use a lot of hypocrisy as they declare their loyalty which is known by us, doesn’t exist. Cambridge, Scroop and Gray make it worse for themselves as they say that Henry should punish a man for a little crime, as everyone will do it otherwise. So this shows for a big crime like treason he cannot be merciful. They are condemning themselves. In the end of the scene they ask for mercy, which the king ignores. Henry describes them as ‘English monsters’. Although this isn’t an act of private vengeance, as they put the whole country at danger and Henry is looking out for the country. Also Henry threatens the people of Harfleur. This is psychological warfare, as he doesn’t carry out the threats. Henry is very cunning in this scene as he puts the destruction of Harfleur on its people. This is done by Henry describing what he will do if they don’t surrender, first of all he threatens to set the town on fire, this is shown when he says ‘Till in her ashes she lie buried’. Henry also says he’ll rape all the girls, illustrating this is ‘Defile the locks of your shrill – shrieking daughters’ and he says he will smash in the old men’s heads, shown when he says ‘Your fathers heads dashed to the walls’. The last thing Henry said he will do is kill the children with spikes, ‘Your naked infants spitted upon pikes’. If the threats that Henry has described really did take place he would be known as a war criminal but Harfleur surrendered before anything could happen so Henry is known as a hero to France and his men not as a war criminal. Henry does this to make France see what kind of king he is as he was told by the Duke of Exeter ‘Use mercy to them all’, so the French don’t think he is a bad king. All Henry is basically doing is working on their imagination. This is not controversial to Henrys’ contemporaries as his first responsibilities are to his own soldiers. Another controversial thing Henry has done is the killing of all the French prisoners, which would have been classed as a war crime today but not in Henrys time. Henry loses his temper and does this out of revenge but I feel this is justified because the French went against the law and killed all the young boys who would of only been armed with a pen knife. This was wrong and the French deserved what they got. It was also a very responsible thing to do as there are not enough soldiers to guard the prisoners and to go into battle as the English are still out numbered five to one, so really it is an important decision to make. There is no criticism from Henrys own soldiers as this is shown when Gower says ‘This king most worthily hath †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Oh, ’tis a gallant king!’ They think Henry has not really committed a crime as the French started it and he was only retaliating. Although I considered the facts about Henry, I don’t feel he committed a crime. Hence I think Henry is not a war criminal but hero as he only does controversial things to help his country and he takes his responsibilities seriously.